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The Chimera ( or , also Chimaera (''Chimæra''); Greek: , ''Chímaira'') was, according to Greek mythology, a monstrous fire-breathing hybrid creature of Lycia in Asia Minor, composed of the parts of more than one animal. Usually depicted as a lion, with the head of a goat arising from its back, and a tail that might end with a snake's head,〔Peck, ("Chimaera" ).〕 the Chimera was one of the offspring of Typhon and Echidna and a sibling of such monsters as Cerberus and the Lernaean Hydra. The term chimera has come to describe any mythical or fictional animal with parts taken from various animals, or to describe anything composed of very disparate parts, or perceived as wildly imaginative, implausible, or dazzling. ==Description== Homer's brief description in the ''Iliad''〔Homer, ''Iliad'' (6.179–182 )〕 is the earliest surviving literary reference: "a thing of immortal make, not human, lion-fronted and snake behind, a goat in the middle,〔"The creature was a goat; a young goat that had seen but one winter was called ''chimaira'' in Greek". (Kerenyi 1959:82).〕 and snorting out the breath of the terrible flame of bright fire."〔In Richmond Lattimore's translation.〕 Elsewhere in the ''Iliad'', Homer attributes the rearing of Chimera to Amisodorus.〔Homer, ''Iliad'', (16.328–329 )〕 Hesiod's ''Theogony'' follows the Homeric description: he makes the Chimera the issue of Echidna: "She was the mother of Chimaera who breathed raging fire, a creature fearful, great, swift-footed and strong, who had three heads, one of a grim-eyed lion; in her hinderpart, a dragon; and in her middle, a goat, breathing forth a fearful blast of blazing fire. Her did Pegasus and noble Bellerophon slay."〔Hesiod ''Theogony'' (319–325 ) in Hugh Evelyn-White's translation.〕 The author of the ''Bibliotheca'' concurs:〔Pseudo-Apollodorus, ''Bibliotheca'' (2.3.1 ): "it had the fore part of a lion, the tail of a dragon, and its third head, the middle one, was that of a goat, through which it belched fire. And it devastated the country and harried the cattle; for it was a single creature with the power of three beasts. It is said, too, that this Chimera was bred by Amisodarus, as Homer also affirms,3 and that it was begotten by Typhon on Echidna, as Hesiod relates".〕 descriptions agree that she breathed fire. The Chimera is generally considered to have been female (see the quotation from Hesiod above) despite the mane adorning her head, the inclusion of a close mane often was depicted on lionesses, but the ears always were visible (that does not occur with depictions of male lions). Sighting the Chimera was an omen of storms, shipwrecks, and natural disasters (particularly volcanoes). While there are different genealogies, in one version the Chimera mated with her brother Orthrus and was the mother of the Sphinx and the Nemean lion (others have Orthrus and their mother, Echidna, mating; most attribute all to Typhon and Echidna). The Chimera finally was defeated by Bellerophon, with the help of Pegasus, at the command of King Iobates of Lycia. Since Pegasus could fly, Bellerophon shot the Chimera from the air, safe from her heads and breath.〔Pindar: ''Olympian Odes'', (13.84–90 ); Pseudo-Apollodorus, ''Bibliotheca'' (2.3.2 ); Hesiod, ''Theogony'' (319 ff ).〕 A scholiast to Homer adds that he finished her off by equipping his spear with a lump of lead that melted when exposed to the Chimera's fiery breath and consequently killed her, an image drawn from metalworking.〔Graves, section 75, note〕 Robert Graves suggests,〔Graves 1960:sect.34.2.〕 "The Chimera was, apparently, a calendar-symbol of the tripartite year, of which the seasonal emblems were lion, goat, and serpent." The Chimera was situated in foreign Lycia,〔Homer, ''Iliad'' (16.328–329 ), links her breeding to the Trojan ally Amisodarus of Lycia, as a plague for humans.〕 but her representation in the arts was wholly Greek.〔Anne Roes "The Representation of the Chimaera" ''The Journal of Hellenic Studies'' 54.1 (1934), pp. 21–25, adduces Ancient Near Eastern conventions of winged animals who wings end in animal heads.〕 An autonomous tradition, one that did not rely on the written word, was represented in the visual repertory of the Greek vase-painters. The Chimera first appears at an early stage in the repertory of the proto-Corinthian pottery-painters, providing some of the earliest identifiable mythological scenes that may be recognized in Greek art. The Corinthian type is fixed, after some early hesitation, in the 670s BC; the variations in the pictorial representations suggests multiple origins to Marilyn Low Schmitt.〔This outline of Chimera motifs follows Marilyn Low Schmitt, "Bellerophon and the Chimaera in Archaic Greek Art" ''American Journal of Archaeology'' 70.4 (October 1966), pp. 341–347.〕 The fascination with the monstrous devolved by the end of the seventh century into a decorative Chimera-motif in Corinth,〔Later coins struck at Sicyon, near Corinth, bear the chimera-motif. (Schmitt 1966:344 note.〕 while the motif of Bellerophon on Pegasus took on a separate existence alone. A separate Attic tradition, where the goats breathe fire and the animal's rear is serpent-like, begins with such confidence that Marilyn Low Schmitt is convinced there must be unrecognized or undiscovered local precursors.〔Schmitt 1966.〕 Two vase-painters employed the motif so consistently they are given the pseudonyms the Bellerophon Painter and the Chimaera Painter. A fire-breathing lioness was one of the earliest of solar and war deities in Ancient Egypt (representations from 3000 years prior to the Greek) and influences are feasible. The lioness represented the war goddess and protector of both cultures that would unite as Ancient Egypt. Sekhmet was one of the dominant deities in upper Egypt and Bast in lower Egypt. As divine mother, and more especially as protector, for Lower Egypt, Bast became strongly associated with Wadjet, the patron goddess of Lower Egypt. In Etruscan civilization, the Chimera appears in the Orientalizing period that precedes Etruscan Archaic art; that is to say, very early indeed. The Chimera appears in Etruscan wall-paintings of the fourth century BC. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Chimera (mythology)」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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